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<title>Terminal node controller</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Terminal node controller</span></span>

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<p>A <b>terminal node controller</b> (<b>TNC</b>) is a device used by <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators to participate in <a href="AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> <a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">packet radio</a> <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a>. It is similar in function to the <a href="Packet_Assembler/Disassembler" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet Assembler/Disassembler">Packet Assembler/Disassemblers</a> used on <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> networks, with the addition of a modem to convert baseband digital signals to audio tones.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first TNC, the VADCG board, was originally developed by Doug Lockhart, VE7APU, of <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Amateur Radio TNCs were first developed in 1978 in Canada by the Montreal Amateur Radio Club and the Vancouver Area Digital Communications group. These never gained much popularity because only a bare <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> was made available and builders had to gather up a large number of components.

</p><p>In 1983, the <a href="Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio</a> (TAPR) association produced complete kits for their TNC-1 design. This was later available as the <a href="Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a> HD-4040. A few years later, the improved TNC-2 became available, and it was licensed to commercial manufacturers such as <a href="MFJ_Enterprises" title="MFJ Enterprises">MFJ</a>.

</p><p>In 1986, the improved "TNC+" was designed to run programs and protocols developed for the original TNC board.

TNC+ also included an assembler and a version of Forth (<a href="STOIC" title="STOIC">STOIC</a>), which runs on the TNC+ itself, to support developing new programs and protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2018 Nino Carillo (KK4HEJ) developed and produced a TNC (the <i>NinoTNC</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with (currently) 16 different data modes, from 300 baud AFSK to 19,200 C4FSK.It has a KISS interface to the compute device, and implements IL2P (Improved Layer 2 Protocol)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Forward Error Correction (FEC) in some modes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>A typical model consists of a <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, a <a href="Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>, and <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> (in <a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>) that implements the AX.25 protocol and provides a <a href="Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a> to the user. (Commonly, this software provides other functionality as well, such as a basic <a href="Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> to receive messages while the operator is away.) Because the TNC contains all the intelligence needed to communicate over an AX.25 network, no external <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> is required. All of the network's resources can be accessed using a <a href="Dumb_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb terminal">dumb terminal</a>.

</p><p>The TNC connects to the terminal and a radio <a href="Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a>. Data from the terminal is formatted into AX.25 packets and <a href="Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulated</a> into audio signals (in traditional applications) for transmission by the radio. Received signals are demodulated, the data unformatted, and the output sent to the terminal for display. In addition to these functions, the TNC manages the radio channel according to guidelines in the AX.25 specification.

</p><p>Early usage was mostly one-to-one communication, either between two people or a person to an automated Bulletin Board or E-mail system.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2></div>

<p><br>

Since the late 1990s, most AX.25 usage has shifted to a different one-to-many communication paradigm with the <a href="Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">Automatic Packet Reporting System</a> (APRS).

</p><p>The TNCs of the 1980s and 1990s were complete solutions that only needed a radio and an optional <a href="Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">dumb terminal</a>. As home computers made their way into <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">ham</a> "shacks," there was a movement toward simpler, cheaper <a href="KISS_(TNC)" class="mw-redirect" title="KISS (TNC)">"KISS"</a> (Keep It Simple, Stupid) devices. These have a modem and minimal processing of the AX.25 protocol. Most of the processing is moved to the personal computer.

</p><p>The next logical step in the evolution is to eliminate the specialized hardware and move all of the processing to a computer. A "<a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">soundcard</a>" is used for audio to and from the radio. Everything else is done in software.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some of the earlier attempts performed poorly, giving this approach a bad reputation. Modern software TNCs, using <a href="Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing (DSP)</a> techniques, can successfully decode poor quality signals that the older equipment can't.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some handheld and mobile VHF radios currently on the market incorporate TNC abilities within the radio itself in support of the APRS protocol.

</p><p>Many TNCs are still in use, especially in unattended stations where reliability is important. The importance of location to the APRS system has fueled development of a new generation of small low-power TNCs often integrated with a GPS module for use in mobile tracking stations. Not all AX.25 activity is APRS: Some AX.25 data networks exist, including the EastNet Packet Network mostly in the Northeastern United States<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and TARPN Network mostly in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>APRS <a href="Repeater#Data_handling" title="Repeater">digipeating</a> protocols require specific naming conventions, and older TNCs may not have the required support to be used as a digipeater. However, almost any TNC can be pressed into service for Home or Tracker use. TNCs that were clones of the popular <a href="Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio">TAPR</a> TNC-2 may be upgradeable via the UIDIGI firmware project.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TNC/Radio_data_ports">TNC/Radio data ports</h2></div>

<p>Although typically described as data ports, the interface between a radio and a TNC is almost entirely analog audio (plus lines for PTT and <a href="Squelch" title="Squelch">squelch</a>). The connectors used for this purpose vary widely across TNC manufacturers, but modern radios that offer data ports have widely adopted the <a href="Mini-DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-DIN">Mini-DIN</a> 6-pin connector.

</p><p>Also used are full-size DIN connectors, DE-9 (<a href="D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-sub</a>) connectors,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modular telephone (RJ) connectors, and combinations of mini- and micro-headphone connectors (typically on handheld radios).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminal_data_port">Terminal data port</h2></div>

<p>TNCs were originally designed to accept messages from a human typing on a <a href="Dumb_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumb terminal">dumb terminal</a>. TNCs had a DB-25 or DE-9 connector carrying <a href="Asynchronous_start-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous start-stop">asynchronous start-stop</a> bytes with <a href="RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> signal levels. This could also be used with the <a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a> of a personal computer. Serial ports are now pretty much extinct, but USB-to-serial converter cables are available.

</p><p>However, typically a human uses a more sophisticated software package running on a personal computer that sends messages to the TNC using the <a href="KISS_(TNC)" class="mw-redirect" title="KISS (TNC)">KISS (TNC)</a> protocol or the 6PACK protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modern Software TNCs provide <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> interfaces that can be accessed across computer networks. For example, it is possible to run a software TNC on a <a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> near the radio and access it from a laptop computer in another location. Software TNCs also provide "<a href="Pseudoterminal" title="Pseudoterminal">pseudo terminals</a>" so they can be used with old applications that only know how to use serial ports.

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<ul><li><a href="Wireless_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless modem">Wireless modem</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFR._Dean_Straw2005" class="citation book cs1">R. Dean Straw, ed. (2005). <i>The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 2006</i>. <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9.14 –</span> <span class="nowrap">9.15</span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87259-948-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Kenney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choisser.com/packet/part01.html">"Introduction to packet radio"</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Lockhart. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tapr.org/pdf/CNC1986-FeaturesOfVadcgTNCplus-VE7APU.pdf">"Features of the VADCG TNC+"</a>. Vancouver Amateur Digital Communications Group.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarpn.net/t/nino-tnc/nino-tnc.html">"TARPN -- NinoTNC info for Builders"</a>. <i>tarpn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarpn.net/t/il2p/il2p.html">"TARPN: Improved Layer-2 Protocol"</a>. <i>tarpn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wb2osz/direwolf-presentation">"Dire Wolf Software TNC"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 10 May 2021.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wb2osz/direwolf/blob/dev/doc/WA8LMF-TNC-Test-CD-Results.pdf">"WA8LMF TNC Test CD Results a.k.a. Battle of the TNCs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qsl.net/ww2bsa/eastnetpackethome.htm">"EastNet Packet Radio Group Welcome"</a>. <i>www.qsl.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarpn.net/t/network.html">"TARPN Network Page"</a>. <i>tarpn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tarpn.net/t/nino-tnc/nino-tnc.html">"TARPN -- NinoTNC info for Builders"</a>. <i>tarpn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFWelwarsky" class="citation web cs1">Welwarsky, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://private.freepage.de/cgi-bin/feets/freepage_ext/41030x030A/rewrite/alexs/xfr/flexnet/6pack_en/6pack.htm">"6PACK a "real time" PC to TNC protocol"</a>. Translated by Sailer, Tom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapr.org/">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kcaprs.org/">Help getting started in APRS</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aprs.org">Inventor of APRS' website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://symek.com/g/index-g.html">SYMEK Packet-Radio-Controller (TNC) for amateur-radio</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqham.ru/trad/a232din6.gif">AEA PK-232 to 6-pin MiniDIN wiring diagram</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cssincorp.com">Software for AEA and Kantronics TNCs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ki4mcw/Home/arduino-tnc">Arduino TNC</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Packet_radio99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet</a></li>

<li><a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="APRS_Calling" title="APRS Calling">APRS Calling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">TCP/IP packet radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AMPRNet" title="AMPRNet">AMPRNet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan</a></li>

<li><a href="Encoder_receiver_transmitter" title="Encoder receiver transmitter">Encoder receiver transmitter</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-10-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Terminal_node_controller&oldid=1250335050">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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